In accounting, various bookkeeping systems are used to maintain financial records. Commonly used systems include single-entry, double-entry, manual, spreadsheet-based, computerized, and hybrid systems. Single-entry systems record transactions once, while double-entry systems maintain the accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Equity) using general ledgers, subsidiary ledgers, journals, and financial statements. Manual bookkeeping involves recording financial transactions using pen and paper or physical books, while spreadsheet-based systems use software like Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets to record and organize financial transactions. Computerized accounting systems automate and streamline bookkeeping processes, such as QuickBooks, Xero, or Sage, offering increased accuracy, efficiency, and the ability to generate reports and analyze financial data. Hybrid systems combine manual and computerized bookkeeping systems, allowing businesses to maintain physical records for certain transactions or subsidiary ledgers while utilizing accounting software for other aspects of financial management. The choice of bookkeeping system depends on the business’s nature, size, transaction volume, available resources, and desired level of accuracy and efficiency. Many businesses are transitioning from manual systems to computerized accounting software to enhance productivity and gain better insights into their financial data.